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The area may be permanently flooded or not but, again, is shallow. An estuary is a specific type of wetland which occurs where a river meets the ocean. An estuary occurs where a river meets the sea. Wetlands connected with this environment are known as estuarine wetlands. The water has a mix of the saltwater tides coming in from the ocean and the freshwater from the river.
They include tidal marshes, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, river deltas and mudflats. The management of natural coastal carbon sinks. Gland: IUCN; Elevated CO 2 stimulates marsh elevation gain, counterbalancing sea-level rise. Proc Natl Acad Sci. Progress towards the Aichi biodiversity targets: an assessment of biodiversity trends, policy scenarios and key actions. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity; Accessed 24 June Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas.
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Front Ecol Environ. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise: regional and global analyses. PLoS One. Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press; Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Divers Distrib. Riley JL. Wetlands of the Ontario Hudson Bay Lowland: a regional overview.
Toronto: Nature Conservancy of Canada; Mangal and coastal salt-marsh communities in Australasia. In: Chapman VJ, editor. Saintilan N, editor. Australian saltmarsh ecology. Mangrove expansion and salt marsh decline at mangrove poleward limits. Schuyt K, Brander L. Gland: World Wildlife Fund; Glob and Plan Chan. Thannheiser D, Holland P. The plant communities of New Zealand salt meadows. Glob Ecol Biogeogr Lett. Tiner RW. Field guide to coastal wetland plants of the Southeastern United States.
Salt marshes are covered with salt-tolerant plants, or halophytes, like salt hay, black rush, and smooth cordgrass. However, these plants do not grow together in the same area. Marshes are divided into distinct zones, the high marsh and the low marsh. The difference in elevation between these two areas is usually only a few centimeters, but for the plants that inhabit each of these zones, a few centimeters makes a world of difference. The low marsh floods daily at high tide.
The high marsh usually floods about twice a month during very high tides associated with new and full moons. The more often an area is flooded, the more saline it has. Plants living in salt marshes have different tolerances to salt. Those with higher tolerances are found in the low marsh, and those with lower tolerances to salt are found in the high marsh zones. Plants from one marsh zone are never found in the other.
It is tall, sturdy, broad-leaved, and one of the main components of peat. As one moves toward the high marsh, salt hay Spartina patens , a very fine-leaved grass about feet tall, and spike grass Distichlis spicata dominate the area. The highest parts of the marsh are characterized by black rush Juncus gerardii , which grows in dense swaths. Surrounding the high marsh are the upland habitats. Uplands are rarely, if ever, flooded with saltwater.
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